{"id":5446,"date":"2019-03-18T12:26:25","date_gmt":"2019-03-18T11:26:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/moked.it\/international\/?p=5446"},"modified":"2019-05-28T17:40:43","modified_gmt":"2019-05-28T15:40:43","slug":"italics-jews-venices-ghetto","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/moked.it\/international\/2019\/03\/18\/italics-jews-venices-ghetto\/","title":{"rendered":"Italics – Jews of Venice\u2019s Ghetto"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"italics\"<\/a>By Yvette Alt Miller*<\/strong><\/p>\n

On March 29, 1516, the Government of the city-state of Venice issued a new decree: henceforth all Jews must be confined to a small, polluted island within the city. The foul-smelling island was the former site of Venice\u2019s foundries, or \u201cghettos\u201d. The island was known as the Ghetto, and gave us this word\u2019s meaning.<\/p>\n

Nearly a thousand Jews moved to the island. Iron gates were erected at the entrances and the Jews were forced to pay for guards to make sure no Jews escaped. Jews were allowed out only during certain daylight hours; at night the drawbridges connecting the Ghetto were raised. Jewish homes were not permitted to have windows looking outward; the only source of light for buildings in the Ghetto could be apertures facing inward towards the island.<\/p>\n

Despite these incredibly harsh rules, Jewish life flourished. Within a century, about 5,000 Jews called the Ghetto home. Unable to expand beyond the roughly seven acres that made up the Ghetto (and later, one other very small island nearby), the Jews began to build tall wooden buildings. Centuries before the invention of skyscrapers, Venice\u2019s Jews build structures up to six stories to accommodate the thousands of residents in the overcrowded Jewish quarter. Forbidden from building synagogues, many of these tall buildings housed hidden synagogues on their top floors. Undetectable from the outside, many of these synagogues were among the most beautiful houses of worship in all of Venice, featuring ornate mosaics and woodworking, lavish paintings and exquisite gold and silver decorations.<\/p>\n

The German Synagogue in Venice Ghetto<\/p>\n

Jews could only leave the Ghetto if they were wearing a yellow conical hat or other outlandish garb designed to provoke ridicule. They were barred from most professions, allowed to engage almost entirely in derided financial jobs such as lending and pawn broking.<\/p>\n

Despite this, the Ghetto became one of Venice\u2019s most popular places. The shops and nightlife of the Ghetto were popular with Venice\u2019s Christian residents. Venetians entering the Ghetto were dazzled by the humming activity, the sheer numbers of people, and the beauty and style of the Ghetto\u2019s people, buildings and business. Special guides, called senseri, directed visiting Venetians to the shops they wished to patronize. Most of these senseri were Christian, helping their co-religionists sample the beauty and goods of their city\u2019s Jewish quarter.<\/p>\n

Historian Garry Willis explains that in Renaissance Venice, \u201cPeople with a taste for the exotic went to the Ghetto as fashionable people went to Harlem nightclubs in the 1930s.\u201d Early British aristocrats who visited Italy as part of the \u201cgrand tour\u201d that every wealthy young Englishman took of Europe recorded exploring the Ghetto as a vital element of any visit to Italy. Thomas Coryate visited Venice in 1611 and headed directly for the Jewish Ghetto, where he marveled at the bursting population of 6,000 on the small island.<\/p>\n

The Venice Ghetto wasn\u2019t only rich in culture and style; it soon became a major center of Jewish learning and piety. Venetian Jews were scrupulous in their observance of Jewish holidays. When Purim came around each spring, Venice\u2019s Jews had some particularly unique traditions.<\/p>\n

The day before Purim is the Fast of Esther that commemorates Esther\u2019s and the Jewish people\u2019s fast of three days before she went to visit the king and beg for mercy on her kingdom\u2019s Jews. In Venice, Jewish women fasted for three days like Queen Esther; those who couldn\u2019t manage to go without food and water for three whole days would eat or drink only tiny quantities in order to make it through the fast.<\/p>\n

A woodcut revealing the vibrant culture of the Jewish community in Venice,
\nat a time when Jews could not openly practice their religion.<\/p>\n

When Purim came, the entire Venetian Jewish community would put on a lavish Purim parade and reception. A jester rode on a horse or donkey, recalling the episode in the Book of Esther in which Mordechai rides in a grand procession on the king\u2019s horse, led by Haman. One of the highlights of the day\u2019s revelry was a grand Purim play, which drew not only crowds of Jewish spectators, but was a major cultural event for Venice\u2019s non-Jewish citizens including non-Jews from distant places. Shockingly, Venice\u2019s Jews, who were reviled and looked down upon by their Christian neighbors, were a major source of cultural enlightenment and entertainment.<\/p>\n

No copies of Venetian Purim plays remain, but a Purim play from the nearby city of Mantua \u2013 which also had a Jewish quarter \u2013 survives and gives us a taste of what these Purim Shpiels (Purim plays) were like. The Mantua play was called Tsahot Bedihuta DeKidushin and was written in Hebrew. Its plot is based on a Talmudic story (Gittin 8b) involving a master and a slave. Jewish playwright Leone de Sommi (1525-1592) penned it, and it includes comedy, slapstick, cases of mistaken identity and disguises, and song.<\/p>\n

Giulio Morosini was a non-Jew who hoped to convert Venice\u2019s Jews to Christianity and he visited the Ghetto frequently. While he seems never to have been successful in convincing Jews to abandon their religion, his descriptions of the Ghetto provide a vivid lens into what Purim there looked like in the 1600s.<\/p>\n

At a time when women had few rights in Christian society, Morosini was shocked at the equal roles that Jewish women enjoyed in celebrating Purim:<\/p>\n

Now let us look at another celebration at Purim, held outside the synagogue with rejoicing and festivities. The young please play at Bullfighting, using oxen and other animals, and in the evening married and unmarried women don masks and go visiting their friends and relatives, where they dine and dance.<\/p>\n

The Jews\u2019 Purim masks were similar to the famous Venetian masks that residents of that city came to wear during balls and during the Christian carnival festival \u2013 yet they seem to have predated them. Historians aren\u2019t sure exactly where the Venetian custom of wearing masks came from, but the thriving Jewish community in its midst, which donned masks for Purim since at least the 1400s, is one possible source.<\/p>\n

By 1797, war and disease had shrunk the Ghetto\u2019s Jewish population to about 3,000. That year, Napoleon captured Venice and extended equal political rights to all. His soldiers tore down the walls of the Ghetto. In the years that followed, many Jews left the Ghetto, prospering in other areas of the city and abroad. The over 200-year tradition of holding glittering Purim celebrations for both Jewish and non-Jewish citizens alike came to an end.<\/p>\n

Jews continue to put on beautiful Purim plays in Italy and elsewhere to this day. But the unique spectacle of the gilded cage that was Venice\u2019s Ghetto \u2013 a virtual prison for Jews to which non-Jews flocked \u2013 is no more.<\/p>\n

Suggested books for further reading:<\/p>\n

The Ghetto of Venice: A History by Riccardo Calimani, translated by Katherine Silberblatt Wolfthal. (M Evans and Company, Inc.: 1946).
\nThe Venetians: A New History From Marco Polo to Casanova by Paul Strathern. (Pegasus Books: 2013).
\nVenice \u2013 Lion City: The Religion of Empire by Garry Wills. (Simon & Schuster: 2001).<\/p>\n

*The article was published in Aish.com on March 18, 2019.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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